by ..."A work catalogued as "by" a maker is, in our opinion, a work by that maker.  A work catalogued as "by" a dealer, is in our opinion, a work made specifically for the dealer and originally sold by them, the identity of the actual maker being unknown or unidentifiable.

   "Attributed to ..." The instrument is believed to be by the named maker in the opinion of the author(s) or the authority(ies) whose literature or certificates are referred to in the footnote to the lot.  In our opinion the instrument is not necessarily the work of this maker.

     "Ascribed to ..." A traditional attribution with which we do not necessarily agree.

   "Workshop of ..." In our opinion the instrument was probably executed by an unknown hand on the premises of and possibly under the direct supervision of the named maker.

      "School of ..." In our opinion a work by a follower of the maker or in the style of works associated with the area. 

     "Labelled " Instruments listed as labelled, branded, inscribed and stamped with a maker's name does not necessarily mean the instrument was made by that maker. Instrument makers we are unfamiliar with or unsure are listed as labelled.